Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is a common retinal complication associated with diabetes. It is a major cause of permanent vision loss. Therefore early detection will be highly beneficial in controlling the progress of the disease. Since the ratio of people affected with the disease is very high when compared to the number of eye specialist, there is a need for automated diagnostic system for DME, so that only diseased persons can be referred to the specialist for further intervention and treatment. In order to assess DME, Detection of Hard Exudates is now considered as a standard method. In this paper the Hard Exudates are segmented using Fuzzy Clustering algorithm. Local Binary Pattern features are extracted from the segmented regions and are input to the Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classifer. The SVM classifier classifies the image as Normal and Abnormal.

Expansive soils possess undesirable engineering behaviour such as low bearing capacity, high shrinkage and swelling characteristics. It forms poor subgrade material due to low CBR values and hence excessive pavement thickness is required for designing flexible pavement. Ground improvement techniques such as soil stabilization are employed to improve the bearing capacity and to control volume change in expansive soils. The most commonly used method is addition of stabilizing agents such as lime or cement to the expansive soil. In developing countries like India, industrialization has led to the generation of large amount of fly ash,which poses a great challenge for its safe disposal without affecting the environment. In addition, the increasing cost of traditional stabilizing agents and the need for the economical utilization of industrial waste has paved way for an investigation into the stabilizing potential of fly ash in expansive soil. Hence, the present study focuses on the assessing the suitability of stabilized expansive soil with cement and fly ash for subgrade in flexible pavement. Cement was added to expansive soil at 0-4%. The percentage of fly ash, which is used in the present study, is varied from 0-8%. Test specimens were subjected to Atterberg limits,Differential free swell, Standard Proctor Compaction and CBR tests. This research helps to assess the behaviour of expansive soil mixed with cement and fly ash independently. Based upon the favourable results obtained, it can be concluded that the expansive soil can be successfully stabilized with cement or fly ash.

DC-DC converters are switched power converters. They are used to convert one DC voltage to another. Boost converters are inordinately used in industry as well as in research. The model of the converter system varies from ON state to OFF state. The major drawback is the unlimited supply of voltage and current. Hence a MPC is implemented to produce a constant voltage with varying input supply. The performance of MPC is further improved using NARMA-L2 control as shown in the simulation results in MATLAB.

The continuous scaling of VLSI technology and the possibility to run circuits in sub-threshold voltage range make it possible to implement standard cryptographic primitives within the very limited circuit and power budget of radio frequency identification (RFID) devices. However, such cryptographic implementations raise concerns regarding their vulnerability to both active and passive side-channel attacks. In particular, when focusing on RFID targeted designs, it is important to evaluate their resistance against low-cost physical attacks. A lowcost fault injection attack can be mounted, for example, by lowering the supply voltage of the chip with the goal of causing setup time violations. In this paper, we provide an in-depth characterization of a chip implementation of the AES cipher. Identifying sensitive logic signals allows us to suggest to the designer a tailored countermeasure strategy for thwarting these attacks, with a minimal impact on the circuit’s performance.

Global pollution and radiations due to greenhouse gases are of serious concern in densely populated urban areas. Electric vehicles are considered one of the pillars of eco-friendly solutions since they produce no exhaust gases. Therefore this paper carries out the study and the improvement in overall performance of an electric vehicle propulsion system, which consists of electric energy supply and traction systems. The supply system constitutes the fuel-cell stack and the DC-DC buck converter, while the traction system constitutes the Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor, its voltage source inverter and drive system

In this emerging world, many organizations have been developed according to the needs of the people. In all the organizations and industries, many important things will be there which should be stored securely. There are various kinds of storing methods like storing in cupboards etc., which is not highly secured. Some materials can be stored very high, so that it will be difficult for the people to take and place it. So we initiated in doing a project on Automatic Vertical Storing Machine, which is highly secured and enables easy placement and replacement with the help of simple micro controller and proximity sensors. This device would save time and reduce manual efforts .This paper explains how the prototype works which is made for storing class room keys in the colleges as well as cell phones can also be stored in this device. By altering the designs it can be used in industrial storages for storing materials in the inventory

Braille is a method of reading and feeling text through touch, rather than sight. It is mainly used by those with impaired vision; however sighted people can read Braille as well. Due to limited availability of the Braille text books an efficient usage of the books becomes a necessity. This paper proposes a method to convert a scanned Braille document to text which can be read out to many through the computer. The Braille documents are pre processed to enhance the dots and reduce the noise. The Braille cells are segmented and the dots from each cell is extracted and converted in to a number sequence. These are mapped to the appropriate alphabets of the language. The converted text is spoken out through a speech synthesizer. The paper also provides a mechanism to type the Braille characters through the number pad of the keyboard. The typed Braille character is mapped to the alphabet and spoken out. The Braille cell has a standard representation but the map

Automotive engineers are continuously researching new technology in the field of engine, transmission and suspension to improve fuel efficiency, power output and safety of automotive vehicles. Continuously Variable transmission (CVT) is one of the important steps towards it. CVT is an infinite gear system as it provides infinite gear ratio and it also helps in decreasing power loss. It helps in providing jerk free transmission, which can be observed in manual as well as in automatic gear transmission. There are different types of CVT available and one of the types is Pulley driven CVT. Primary aim of this project is to study various parameters like fly mass, drive pulley spring, driven pulley spring, cam angles and their effect on engagement rpm of CVT and also design manually operated model of CVT. As it is difficult to get the actual design specifications of CVT from the companies, some of the dimensions are assumed. The dimensions of other parts have been calculated based on the assumed dimensions. Experimentation is done on a Baja SAE vehicle which shows the effects of changing different parameters on engaging rpm of driven shaft. A static analysis as well as motion analysis is done on the CVT model.

In this paper designing of three cylinder pneumatic engine is done on Solidworks and also static analysis is done on it. The design used for pneumatic cylinders is highly efficient and can be used for vehicle propulsion and lifting light weights. The main advantage of air radial engine is that no pollution is produced and as no combustion takes place, so no hydrocarbon is produced. We have done the assembly and made the parts of the engine in solidworks software. Also the stress, strain and other analysis is done. The material used for parts is suggested such that our design is more efficient and cheap. The selection of different material helps us to get an engine with high strength.

The purpose of this project is to explore relationship between volume fraction of nano particles of aluminium and heat transfer rate in a water based nano fluid. Experimental investigation setup will be fabricated. It will resemble a heat exchanger and consists of hot water pump, G.I tubes, flow control valve and temperature measuring devices. Experimental investigation is done. The values are noted down in tables and the changes are noted in this phase. The patterns are noted down and conclusions are derived. In this phase the properties of heat transfer fluid is found including heat transfer and specific heat capacity

Web usage mining(WUM) , also known as Web Log Mining is the application of Data Mining techniques,which are applied on large volume of data to extract useful and interesting patterns from Web data, specifically from web logs, in order to improve web based applications. Data source of web usage mining is web log files ,each entry of which contain the public information of visitor like IP address, remote user, date, time , zone, method, URL, status code, number of bytes transferred, operating system used etc.There are variety of tools available for analyzing a log file and generating the reports. In order to reveal the best tools for analyzing a log file that helps in decision making, this paper has conducted a comparative study between Statcounter and Deep log Analyzer , freely available tools. This paper also presents the results of one of these tools called Stat counter for analyzing the behavioural pattern of user who access a website which sells guitar.

The need for environment friendly nonpolluting technology is the basis for this research. This paper aims at investigating the use of sugarcane fiber as an alternative to synthetic fiber and inclusion of CNSL along with the GP Polyester Resin to make this a partially biodegradable combination. The investigations show that the alkali treatment of the sugarcane fiber with NaOH has greatly improved the stress intensity factor of the composite

Reinforced concrete is one of the most versatile construction materials used for the construction of several strategic structures like long-span highway bridges, pavements, off-shore structures,multi-storied framed structures and many other mega- industrial structures. Some engineers still believe that once the reinforced concrete structures are designed and built, it will remain durable and maintenance free and they can fulfill the intended purpose and function for the whole of its designed life.This is not true. The microstructural properties and permeability of concrete to various aggressive ions are responsible for corrosion of embedded steel in concrete. This paper presents in brief, the mechanism of steel corrosion in concrete and the state of the art of anticorrosive steel rebar coatings used so far to protect the steel embedded in concrete against corrosion.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. The principal advantages are low distortion, absence of melt related defects and high joint strength. In FSW parameters play an important role like tool design and material, tool rotational speed, welding speed and axial force. The paper focuses on process parameters that in required for producing effective friction stir welding joint.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) (sometimes called a wireless sensor and actor network [1](WSAN)[1]) are spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions,[2] such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling control of sensor activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring,and so on. A large amount of different key distribution schemes were implemented, targeting different types of WSNs. These schemes face issues with respect to their requirements,implementations, and theoretic foundations [3]. Though security is regarded as a standalone component of the architectures of many systems, in case of wireless sensor networks, it must get adequate attention. In most application domains, the sensors are used to collect a specific type of data from particular target areas, and the collected data are often considered secret and are not intended for public disclosure. Hence, efficient and secure mechanisms are needed to transmit acquired data securely to the appropriate recipients.

In this study , the performance analysis of Micro wind Turbine (MWT) in automobile will be discussed. The analytical work is going to be carried out using ANSYS software. Experimentation consist an input parameters as wind speed(m/s), open circuit voltage(Voc), current(A), voltage(V) and rotor frequency(Hz) for the responses such as kinetic energy, mass flow of air, wind power, power coefficient,rotor rotational speed, mechanical angular speed and Tip speed ratio (TSR) are considered. This proposed research work is aimed to decrease the fuel consumption and to improve the utilization of the renewable energy. In this study , design ,implementation, and power performance analyses of a micro wind turbine (MWT) system are presented. An original permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) that reduced cogging torque was utilized for the MWT blades. power performance analyses of the MWT were carried out for different wind ranges. Moreover, it is used in vehicle interior like Headlamp, AC, Top light on body of vehicle.

Over the past decades, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely applied in many different fields in which routing protocol is one of the key technologies. Since a sensor node exploits a path depending only on the location information of neighbor nodes in geographic routing, routing protocol based on geographic information is more efficient. To solve the routing void problem in geographic routing, high control overhead and transmission delay are usually taken in wireless sensor networks. Inspired by the structure composed of edge nodes around which there is no routing void, this project proposed an efficient bypassing void routing protocol based on virtual coordinates. The basic idea of the protocol is to transform a random structure composed of void edges into a regular one by mapping edge nodes coordinates to a virtual circle. By utilizing the virtual circle, the greedy forwarding can be prevented from failing, so that there is no routing void in forwarding process from source to destination and control overhead can be reduced. Furthermore, the virtual circle is beneficial to reduce average length of routing paths and decrease transmission delay. The proposed protocol has higher delivery ratio, shorter path length, less control packet overhead, and energy consumption.

In this paper the thermal comfort condition for mushroom cultivation was studied. In addition to this the cooling load needed for bring that thermal comfort condition was calculated. Mushroom cultivation was done by so many peoples in the hot and dry climatic places. In the cold places the yield of mushroom was more compared with the cold climatic places this is due to thermal comfort condition needed for mushroom cultivation. The solution for even yield in dry and cold climatic condition is to bring the thermal comfort condition at dry places by means of a refrigeration system. To design a refrigeration system cooling load calculation is necessary. So a prototype model for refrigeration system geometry for mushroom cultivation was developed and its necessary cooling load was calculated.

A multiband broadcasting that can be used for mobile handsets is presented. This antenna consists of a smart micro strip patch antenna, passive antenna data broadcasting and a low noise amplifier. The design procedure of this antenna, in which the passive antenna shows very different impedances at each band, is also presented. It is proposed configuration can be used as a multiband receiving patch antenna for multiple band. In environments with locality of client demands, the use of multiple directional antennas at the Broadcasting has been shown to increase performance. In many cases such broadcasting systems fail to exploit the full potential of the multiple antennas as they do not take into account the geographical distribution of clients within the coverage area of the mobile. This letter proposes smart patch antenna based wireless push system where the beam width of each micro strip patch antenna is altered based on the current placement of clients within the network. Coupled with a modification of the broadcast schedule, the proposed approach significantly increases the performance.

Network Security is that the method of adopting network administration by avoidable access.Cryptography provides a mechanism of crypto that the best means of protect any info by confidentially and integrity of information. To implement this category of networking data in wireless networks by victimization is the method of converting and connecting to analyze and get information integrity authorization and in addition duplicate the data to safeguard in an internet domain. Which domain port of entities unit lined at hops for one secure system to use the domain admin authority. For the aim of secure the data it makes sure by Java writing with analyzing of crypto ways.

Network Security is that the method of adopting network administration by avoidable access.Cryptography provides a mechanism of crypto that the best means of protect any info by confidentially and integrity of information. To implement this category of networking data in wireless networks by victimization is the method of converting and connecting to analyze and get information integrity authorization and in addition duplicate the data to safeguard in an internet domain. Which domain port of entities unit lined at hops for one secure system to use the domain admin authority. For the aim of secure the data it makes sure by Java writing with analyzing of crypto ways.

The main aim of this paper is to resolve and design a suitable micro wind turbine which could be employed for low speed wind places like urban. The design and fabrication of a locally developed three blade horizontal-axis micro wind turbine was carried out. The blade modelled using CATIA software for NACA 4410 profile. The blade length is 0.3 meters was chosen and the angle of attack was experimentally determined to as 70 . The turbine blade is fabricated from teak wood because of vast availability, strength, hardness, durability and stiffness. The turbine was installed on the roof of the building. Building’s hub height is 10 meters from the ground level. The direct current power output of the test turbine was measured through the digital multi meter. The cut in wind speed i.e., the speed at which the turbine starts to produce power determined at 2 m/s. The test was conducted on different power output at different wind speed. The maximum power obtained as 7.5 watts for 12 m/s, the measured power increase consistently with increase in wind speed and the power curve obtained is compared fairly well with standard power curves

The aim of this project is to get a fully functional device working all modern vehicles and make information available to drivers or mechanics in an touch screen device which will provide more insight into what is occurring in the car in real time. Implementing some additional sensors using CAN protocol will help in monitoring the vehicle for engine misfires, tyre pressures, temperature of engine etc. The data logged into ECU can also be accessed using the OBD-II protocol.

In India having lot of old monumental structures, reservoirs, dam, and religious buildings. The existing buildings are needed to find out the life time without disturbing the structures. Adopting NDT methods to can access easily the health monitoring of the structures with low cost. In this experimental work gives a combined test method for the health assessment by a suitable correlation of rebound test and upv test along to the compressive testing machine. A correction factor can be used for quick assessment of quality of the concrete by rebound hammer. It is a simple and reliable test for accessing old monumental place with economic cost.

Soil modification is the addition an some waste materials like saw dust ash and construction waste to soil to change its index properties, while soil stabilization is the treatment of soils to enable their density and strength to be improved such that they become totally suitable for construction beyond their original classification. The physical additives such as construction waste and saw dust ash can be mixed with the soil to improve the texture, increasing strength characteristics. The aim of this study is to investigate and to show the potential use of construction waste and saw dust ash as an additive to stabilize a clay soil. This is an experimental studies to determine the concentration of construction waste and sawdust ash as an additive, the development of compressive strength. A laboratory was conducted on soil sample of clay soil stabilized using construction waste and saw dust ash. This paper focuses on the development of compressive strength of clay soil stabilized with construction waste and saw dust at varying percentages such as (5,10,15,20) and (1,1.5,2,2.5,5,10) respectively.The result shows that construction waste and sawdust ash is a waste material. Construction waste is taken from chepauk and sawdust is taken from Neelangarai.It can be used as additives to clay soil and increasing the engineering properties of the soil.

This work contributes for a better understanding of the dynamic behaviour of components made from biaxial jute fiber reinforced composite laminates by performing numerical analysis via finite element analysis, which basically yields their free vibration response. A variety of parametric studies were carried out to see the effects of various changes in the laminate parameters like orientation of fiber, stacking sequence and number of layers of fiber on the natural frequencies. Modal analysis was performed in order to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes, which are important parameters in the design of a structure for dynamic loading conditions. The finite element simulation in this case was performed by a commercially available software package ANSYS 15.

The effect of various twist ratio’s of twisted tape inserts to enhance the rate heat transfer with Al2O3/water nanofluid. The investigation has been carried out with different twist ratio’s of (Yw= 3.4, 4, 4.5) with 0.3% volume concentration, were 5% higher than water. These experiments were carried out for double pipe concentric heat exchanger. This experiment was conducted at Reynolds number ranges from 250 to 760 with the temperature ranges 270C to 400C. The twist ratio of 3.5 counter flow increase heat transfer rate compared to other twist values. The numerical results proved that increase of thermal performance of nanofluid with modified twisted tape. The turbulent kinetic energy is increased very much and also increased by the twisted tape insert.

In recent years a lot of star systems and planets in those systems have been discovered. Astronomers have around the world have theorized hate round 1018 stars almost the size of our sun exist in eh universe each with its system of planets.